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Trotula
Trotula is a name referring to a group of three texts on women's medicine, the ''Trotula'', that were composed in the southern Italian port town of Salerno in the 12th century. The name derives from a historic female figure, Trota of Salerno, a physician and medical writer who was associated with one of the three texts. However, "Trotula" came to be understood as a real person in the Middle Ages and because the so-called ''Trotula'' texts circulated widely throughout medieval Europe, from Spain to Poland, and Sicily to Ireland, "Trotula" has historic importance in "her" own right.〔Monica H. Green, ed. and trans. ''The ‘Trotula’: A Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).〕
==The ''Trotula'' texts: genesis and authorship==
In the 12th century, the southern Italian port town of Salerno was widely reputed as "the most important center for the introduction of Arabic medicine into Western Europe".〔John F. Benton, "Trotula, Women's Problems, and the Professionalization of Medicine in the Middle Ages," ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' 59, no. 1 (Spring 1985), 330-53, at p. 33.〕 In referring to the School of Salerno in the 12th century, historians actually mean an informal community of masters and pupils who, over the course of the 12th century, developed more or less formal methods of instruction and investigation; there is no evidence of any physical or legal entity before the 13th century.〔Monica H. Green, ed. and trans., ''The ‘Trotula’: A Medieval Compendium of Women’s Medicine'' (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), p. 10.〕
''Conditions of Women'', ''Treatments for Women'', and ''Women’s Cosmetics'' are usually referred to collectively as ''The Trotula''. They cover topics from childbirth to cosmetics, relying on varying sources from Galen to oral traditions, providing practical instructions. These works vary in both organization and content. ''Conditions of Women'' and ''Women’s Cosmetics'' circulated anonymously until they were combined with ''Treatments for Women'' sometime in the late 12th century. For the next several hundred years, the ''Trotula'' ensemble circulated throughout Europe, reaching its greatest popularity in the 14th century. More than 120 copies exist today of the Latin texts, and over 60 copies of the many medieval vernacular translations.〔Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So-Called ''Trotula'' Texts. Part II: The Vernacular Texts and Latin Re-Writings,” ''Scriptorium'' 51 (1997), 80-104; Monica H. Green, “A Handlist of the Latin and Vernacular Manuscripts of the So-Called ''Trotula'' Texts. Part I: The Latin Manuscripts,” ''Scriptorium'' 50 (1996), 137-175.〕
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